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English 396:

The World of Beowulf

 

Winter 2007; PAC C-18; MTWRF 12:00-1:50

 Dr. Gavin Richardson

Office: A-17

Office Phone: 661-5317

Office Hours: MTWRF 9:00-10:00

E-mail: grichard@uu.edu

http://www.uu.edu/personal/grichard/

Pre-requisites: English 111, 112, 201, 202

 

 Required Texts:

 

Seamus Heaney, trans., Beowulf: A New Verse Translation.

Daniel Donoghue, ed. Beowulf: A Verse Translation  (Norton Critical Editions).

Jesse L. Byock, trans., The Saga of the Volsungs: The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer (Penguin Classics).

S.A.J. Bradley, trans. Anglo-Saxon Poetry (Everyman Paperback Classics).

 

Course Description: All Beowulf, all the time.

 

W

ell, not exactly.  In this course we will engage in a deep reading of the Anglo-Saxon epic, pausing to chase the scop’s “digressions” in ways not possible in traditional survey courses.  We will read entire works that the Beowulf-poet only alludes to; we will read other works of Anglo-Saxon literary culture to provide context; we will explore crucial aspects of the Old English language even as we read Beowulf in translation; we will examine how archeology offers a number of insights into the poem; and, beginning with J.R.R. Tolkien’s seminal essay, “Beowulf, the Monsters and the Critics” (1936), we will read select critical essays.

 Attendance:

 

You may not earn an A with more than 1 unexcused absence.

You may not earn a B with more than 2 unexcused absences.

You may not earn a C with more than 3 unexcused absences.

You may not earn a D with more than 4 unexcused absences.

 

If you are absent while representing Union in an official capacity, you may have this absence excused with a written statement from an appropriate authority.  If you are absent due to illness, I will excuse the absence provided that a physician or nurse provides a statement saying that you were too ill to attend class.  Even excessive excused absences may prevent you from fulfilling basic requirements of this course, so please stay healthy! 

 

Evaluation:

 

Critical Essay 1..................................................................................................20%

Critical Essay 2..................................................................................................25%

Exam 1................................................................................................................20%

Exam 2 (Final)....................................................................................................25%

Attendance, participation, OE memorization, and study questions.........10%

 

The grading scale for this course is detailed in the Union University Undergraduate Catalogue, p. 17 (A 95-100; B 85-94; C 75-84; D 65-74; F 64 and below). All assignments are due at the beginning of class. Late assignments are penalized 1/3 letter for each school (not class) day late. You are responsible for getting me your papers regardless of unfavorable circumstances such as computer glitches. All work must be submitted in order to pass the course. Notify me if accommodations need to be made for disabilities of any kind.

 

Academic Integrity:

 

Plagiarism can be broadly defined as using the ideas or words of others in your paper without proper acknowledgment. Using information from other term papers, websites, or even standard research tools without source citation is a serious breach of academic integrity, and ignorance of what constitutes plagiarism is no excuse. When in doubt, please consult your instructor about the appropriate use of quotation marks, paraphrase, and parenthetical citation. Flagrant acts of plagiarism (e.g., downloading all or portions of a paper from the Internet without proper citation, handing in the work of another as your own, repeated instances of plagiarism, etc.) shall result in a failing grade for the course and possible further disciplinary action taken by the University. Punishment for other forms of plagiarism may range from failing the assignment to failing the course. Union University "upholds the highest standards of honesty" (2002-2003 Undergraduate Catalogue 22), and the English department's policy regarding plagiarism is an attempt to preserve these standards.

  

Critical Essays:

 

You will write one 5-7 pp., typed and double-spaced critical essay, and one 7-10 pp. researched critical essay in this course.  Details on these assignments are to follow, but some tips and samples can be found at my homepage at the “If you're going to write a paper for me, click here” link.

 

Exams:

 

There will a mid-term and a final in this course; the exams will likely consist of objective short-answer questions, language exercises, passages to identify and comment upon, and an essay.  A portion of the final will be cumulative, as required by the University.  There will be no alternates given for these exams.  If you anticipate that an excused absence will conflict with an exam, please speak with me well ahead of time.  You are responsible for furnishing your own bluebooks (exam booklets), which can be purchased at Lifeway.

 

Study Questions:

 

In lieu of quizzes, I will assign a study question per class meeting to help guide your reading and make sure all students are keeping up. On occasion I will ask to see your responses, which will be graded on a √-,√, and √+ basis, roughly equivalent to an C, B, and A.  However, the Study Question is not merely a policing measure; often the question will deal with a core concern, a critical term, or a key passage which will help you better engage the text and which you will see again on an exam or as part of a writing assignment option.  Study questions also serve as springboards into class discussion. If you are absent on the day I take up these questions, you may hand in a late assignment only if your absence is excused.

 

Cell Phone Etiquette:

 

This class is a “No Cell Phone Zone.” Please turn off all cell phones.  If you must have your phone on, please set it to buzz/vibrate.

 

Email:

 

I often use email to communicate information regarding this course to the class at large, and I email the class via a Webadvisor option that allows me to send a note to all student accounts at once.  You should regularly check your student email account, or you should make sure that all Union email is forwarded to an account you do check (e.g., Hotmail, Yahoo, etc.).  See computing services on how to forward email.

 

About Our Texts:

 

A required text means precisely that—required.  Each student is required to have his or her own copy of the required textbook in the appropriate edition.  The admittedly high cost of textbooks has prompted some students to consider “book sharing.”  However, in an English course, such a plan is not good in theory, and even worse in practice.  I am skeptical that a shared book can serve two students well, especially when one student has it at midnight on Tuesday and the other hasn’t finished his/her reading yet for the next day. 

 

Furthermore, your course text provides you with more than just the subject matter.  Each student ideally will engage in dialogue with the textbook, jotting notes, questions, reactions in the margins, not merely highlighting passages.  If your textbook pages are clean and blank, you’re doing something wrong.  A shared book does not allow for this individuated engagement with the text.  In college, this is how we read—with pen or pencil in hand.  If you’re concerned about the buyback potential of your book, use a pencil.  But hopefully you will be more concerned about how much you’re learning in this class, which is why you came to Union instead of going to a much cheaper university a few miles down the road.  Does it make sense to pay $20,000/ year to go to college, only to go cheap on the main thing, your course material?

 

While I am sympathetic to the cash-strapped student (I was one too not long ago), I do require each student to have his or her own textbook.  After the third day of class, failure to possess your own copy of the required text will result in a 5 point participation grade penalty for each day you do not have a book. 

 

Snow:

 

Please request a snow schedule from Union Station in case of inclement weather.

 

Miscellany:

 

As per a departmental requirement, I keep all exams and papers for one year. You should also keep a copy of all out-of-class work in case I lose anything. This syllabus and first-day handout may be revised as necessary. I encourage you to call me in my office or at home (668-4888; 8:00 am-10:00 pm, please) if you need anything. If you have any concerns about this course, don’t wait until the last minute to voice them—talk to me while we can take steps to make this course a positive experience for you.  My office, A-17, is located in PAC in the glassed-in Humanities Vestibule near the art gallery and wellness center, across from the language lab.  Once you enter the humanities area my office is down the second corridor to the left, the last office on the left.

 

This course counts toward the Major Writers requirement for majors.

 

English 396: Beowulf

Syllabus; Winter 2007

 

 

Day

Assignment

Study Question

WEEK 1

THE ANGLO-SAXONS

 

Wed., Jan 3

Lecture: Who were the Anglo-Saxons?

 

Thurs. Jan 4

The Dream of the Rood, in Bradley.

Lecture & Video: The Old English language; Old English translation exercise (supplied).

It can be said that every age remakes Christ in its own image.  After reading The Dream of the Rood, what might the depiction of Christ say about Anglo-Saxon culture?

Friday Jan 5

Andreas, in Bradley.

This poem recounts Andreas’ battle with the cannibalistic Mermedonians, who torture him but who are eventually converted by him.  Yet in ll. 557 ff. we have a long catechism-like discussion on the evil of the Jews.  Can you find some thematic justification for this anti-Jewish “digression”?

WEEK 2

THE DANISH ROYAL HOUSE

 

Mon. Jan 8

Beowulf, lines 1-51.  The opening; Scyld Shefing and ship burial; Sutton Hoo.

Leslie Webster, “Archaeology and Beowulf,” in Donoghue.

Critical Essay 1 Due.

There are enough Christian references in Beowulf to assume that its poet (or a later interpolater) was a Christian.  However, line 51 says that no one can tell who received the body of Scyld Shefing.  Why the afterlife ambiguity for this clearly pagan warrior?

Tues. Jan 9

Beowulf, lines 53-300.  The building of Heorot; Grendel and the Song of Creation; Beowulf comes to the Danes; the Coastguard’s maxim.

J. R. R. Tolkein, “Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics,” in Donoghue.

As I will stress time and again during this course, Beowulf is more than a monster tale.  In this epic, the monsters often represent cultural anxieties or inverse values held sacred by society.  What kinds of cultural anxieties might Grendel represent?

Wed., Jan 10

Beowulf, lines 301-606.  Hrothgar laments the boasting of his men; the pagan/Christian coloring of Beowulf; the Unferth Episode.

Thomas D. Hill, “The Christian Language and Theme of Beowulf,” in Donoghue.

After reading the flyting or “dissing contest” with Unferth, discuss what kind of man Beowulf seems to be.  What are his strengths and flaws?

Thurs. Jan 11

Last day to drop a class.

Beowulf, lines 607-923.  Wealhtheow.  The attack of Grendel; the trip to Grendel’s mere and the lay of Sigemund.

If Beowulf is so heroic, why does one man have to die when Grendel attacks?  Does Beowulf sacrifice one of his retainers?

Friday Jan 12

Volsungasaga (The Saga of the Volsungs).

What is the attitude towards gold and wealth revealed in this text?

WEEK 3

BEOWULF & GERMANIC LEGEND

 

Mon. Jan 15

? MID-TERM EXAM.

Bring a bluebook.

Volsungasaga catch-up. 

 

Tues. Jan 16

Beowulf, lines 924-1158. Gift giving and the Lay of Finn.

The Finnsburg Fragment (or The Frisian Slaughter) in Donoghue and in Bradley.

On this joyous occasion, why does the scop choose to sing such a violent and disturbing song in the Lay of Finn?

Wed., Jan 17

Beowulf, lines 1159-1556. The anxiety of Wealhtheow; the attack of and battle with Grendel’s dam.

Hrólfs saga kraka (excerpts supplied)

Judith, in Bradley.

Christ and Satan, in Bradley.

The Descent into Hell, in Bradley.

Blickling Homily 17 (selections supplied).

Why does Beowulf seem to have a more difficult time with Grendel’s dam than with Grendel?

Thurs. Jan 18

Beowulf, lines 1557-1686. Beowulf’s use of the rune sword.

Edda excerpts (supplied).

Millward exercise (supplied).

After having read Volsungasaga and the Dream of the Rood, discuss how your understanding of rune-lore relates to today’s passage in Beowulf.

Friday Jan 19

Beowulf, lines 1687-1963.  Hrothgar’s sermon; Heremod and the historical element in Beowulf; Beowulf returns to the Geats; contrast of Hygd and Thryth.

Jane Chance, “The Structural Unity of Beowulf: The Problem of Grendel’s Mother,” in Donoghue.

Summarize Hrothgar’s Sermon and discuss why Hrothgar should deliver it at such a triumphant moment.

WEEK 4

DRACO ET DRACONITAS

 

Mon. Jan 22

Beowulf, lines 1964-2199. The Grendelkin story is repeated; allusions to Freawaru and Ingeld; Alcuin’s question; Beowulf background.

Roberta Frank, “The Beowulf Poet’s Sense of History,” in Donoghue.

Critical Essay 2 Due.

Why bother to tell us the story of Grendel’s slaying again?  Is there any change of emphasis or detail?

Tues. Jan 23

Beowulf, lines 2200-2354.  The waking of the dragon; dragons in pagan Germanic and Christian Latin traditions (see Robinson, supplied); the lay of the last survivor.

The Beowulf poet gives us an elaborate backstory of the last survivor who buried the gold hoard upon which the dragon now sits.  Thematically, what does this backstory accomplish?

Wed., Jan 24

Beowulf, lines 2355-2891.  Flashback: Heardred’s attack on the Swedes and Beowulf’s accession to the throne; the early history of Hrethel; Beowulf’s speech to his retainers and his single-handed attack on the dragon; Wiglaf upbraids the retainers and aids Beowulf; Beowulf’s dying speech.

John Leyerle, “The Interlace Structure of Beowulf,” in Donoghue.

OE memorization deadline.

Beowulf tells his retainers to stay behind and allow him to fight the dragon single-handedly.  Yet Wiglaf upbraids them for their lack of courage.  To what extent are the retainers at fault?

Thurs. Jan 25

Beowulf, lines 2891-3182.  The ominous messenger to the Geats; Wiglaf on Beowulf’s will; Dragon destroyed; The wailing woman and Beowulf’s barrow.

Fred C. Robinson, “The Tomb of Beowulf,” in Donoghue.

 

What is the poet’s attitude towards Beowulf?  Is it positive?  Why or why not?  Is Beowulf a hero or not?

Friday Jan 26

? FINAL EXAM.

Bring 1-2 Bluebooks.

 

MISCELLANY

About the Mid-term

GENERAL MEDIEVAL LINKS

Dr. Richardson reads the opening 11 lines of Beowulf.  This is an MP3 file and is 442 KB. Union students can also access the file in the O:\Richardson folder.  For those of you not technologically inclined, a CD version is on reserve in the library, though the CD seems to want to play in computer players and may not play in a traditional CD player; try multiple players if you have trouble.

  For a good written guide to Old English pronunciation, click here: http://www.jagular.com/beowulf/pronunciation.shtml 

Peter Baker's Beowulf Audio Link

How can I get Anglo-Saxon fonts/characters into my papers? 

Graphics courtesy of: Bradley W. Schenck;  http://www.webomator.com/bws